3 parts of Human Brain : Diagram , function Class-10

Human Brain and their functions

• The human brain is the command center for the human nervous system. It receives input from the sensory organs and sends output to the muscles. It is enclosed in cranium (brain box) and is protected by cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a shock absorber. It has several layers called meninges.

Human brain has three major parts or regions:

• Forebrain: The largest and most complex part of the brain.
• It controls thinking, learning, emotions, memory, and other senses.
• Midbrain: The smallest and central part of the brain.
• It is associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
• Hindbrain: The lower part of the brain.
• It includes cerebellum, medulla, and pons.
• It is responsible for balance, posture, breathing, eye movements, blood pressure, heartbeat, swallowing etc.

Here is a diagram that shows the human brain structure and its major regions:

1. Cerebrum:
   • The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, contributing nearly 80% of the total weight of the human brain.
   • It forms a part of the forebrain.
   • The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres, each containing four lobes: temporal, parietal, occipital, and frontal.
   • Its primary functions include:
     • Voluntary movement: The cerebrum controls voluntary movements of our body.
     • Intelligence: It plays a central role in higher cognitive functions such as thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.
     • Memory: The cerebrum is involved in memory storage and retrieval.
     • Emotion regulation: It influences our emotional responses and behaviors.
2. Cerebellum:
   • The cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain and makes up the remaining portion.
   • It forms a part of the hindbrain.
   • The cerebellum has two cerebellar hemispheres and a medial vermis.
   • Its key functions include:
     • Coordination: The cerebellum coordinates muscle activity, ensuring smooth and precise movements.

Differences between cerebellum and cerebrum in tabular form

key differences between the functions of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain:

1. Forebrain:
   • The forebrain is the largest part of the brain and consists of several important structures.
   • Functions of the forebrain include:
     • Cerebrum: The cerebrum, which forms a major part of the forebrain, is responsible for:
       • Higher cognitive functions: Thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, and memory.
       • Voluntary movements: Control over conscious movements.
       • Emotional regulation: Influencing emotional responses and behaviors.
     • Thalamus: Acts as a relay center for sensory information (except smell) and directs it to the cerebral cortex.
     • Hypothalamus: Regulates various homeostatic functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.
     • Pituitary gland: Controls the release of hormones and plays a crucial role in the endocrine system.
2. Midbrain:
   • The midbrain is located between the forebrain and hindbrain.
   • Functions of the midbrain include:
     • Visual and auditory reflexes: Processes visual and auditory information and coordinates reflex responses (e.g., turning your head toward a sudden sound).
     • Substantia nigra: Produces dopamine and is involved in motor control (related to Parkinson’s disease).
     • Red nucleus: Coordinates limb movements.
3. Hindbrain:
   • The hindbrain is the posterior part of the brain.
   • Functions of the hindbrain include:
     • Cerebellum: Responsible for:
       • Coordination: Ensures smooth muscle movements.
       • Balance and posture: Maintains equilibrium.
       • Precision: Controls timing and fine motor skills.
     • Medulla oblongata: Regulates vital functions such as:
       • Breathing: Controls respiratory rate.
       • Heart rate: Regulates heartbeat.
       • Blood pressure: Monitors and adjusts blood flow.
     • Pons: Connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and is involved in:
       • Sleep regulation: Helps control sleep cycles.
       • Respiration: Assists in breathing.

In summary, the forebrain handles higher cognitive functions, the midbrain coordinates reflexes, and the hindbrain manages essential bodily functions. Together, these brain regions ensure our overall well-being and functioning. 🧠✨ .

Most likely to be asked questions in exams

Question: What are the three major regions of the human brain? Name the parts of each region and their functions.

Answer: The three major regions of the human brain are the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

• • Forebrain: It includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The cerebrum controls voluntary actions, thinking, and memory. The thalamus relays sensory signals to the cerebral cortex, while the hypothalamus regulates basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and temperature.
  • Midbrain: It consists of the tectum and tegmentum. The tectum processes visual and auditory stimuli, while the tegmentum is involved in movement and arousal.
  • Hindbrain: It comprises the cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The cerebellum coordinates muscle movements and balance, while the medulla oblongata regulates involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

Question: What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain?

Answer: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves multiple functions in the brain. It cushions the brain and spinal cord against physical impacts, regulates the chemical environment of the nervous system, and helps in the removal of waste products from the brain.

Question: What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary actions? Give examples of each.

Answer: Voluntary actions are those that are under conscious control, whereas involuntary actions occur without conscious effort. For example:

• • Voluntary actions: Walking, talking, writing, and blinking are examples of voluntary actions because we can control and initiate them consciously.
  • Involuntary actions: Breathing, heartbeat, digestion, and reflex actions (like pulling your hand away from a hot stove) are involuntary actions because they occur automatically without conscious control.

Question: What are neurons and how do they transmit signals in the nervous system? Answer: Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals. They have dendrites to receive signals, a cell body containing the nucleus, and an axon to transmit signals to other neurons or muscles. Neurons transmit signals through electrical impulses along their axons and communicate with other neurons through chemical neurotransmitters released at synapses.

Question: What are the functions of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland in the forebrain?

Answer: The hypothalamus regulates various physiological processes such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sleep-wake cycles. It also controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which is often referred to as the master gland because it secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Question: What are the roles of the tectum and the tegmentum in the midbrain?

Answer: The tectum processes sensory information from the eyes and ears, helping to orient an organism in its environment. The tegmentum is involved in movement control, pain regulation, and arousal.

Question: What are the functions of the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata in the hindbrain?

Answer: The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and posture. The medulla oblongata controls vital involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

Question: How does the brain coordinate with the muscles through nerves?

Answer: The brain sends signals to muscles through a network of nerves called the motor system. Motor neurons carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles, causing them to contract or relax in response to commands from the brain. This communication allows the brain to control voluntary movements and maintain coordination.

1. What is the largest part of the brain?
Answer: The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.

2. What is the function of the cerebellum?
Answer: The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movements and maintaining balance.

3. What does the brainstem control?
Answer: The brainstem controls basic functions like breathing and heart rate.

4. What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Answer: The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.

5. What is the function of the hippocampus?
Answer: The hippocampus is involved in memory formation and retrieval.

Understanding the different parts and functions of the human brain is essential for excelling in your upcoming CBSE board exams. Make sure to study and revise these concepts thoroughly to score well. Good luck!

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